Silicon vertex detector development at CDF

Silicon Vertex Detector Development at CDF

A link to the web page of the CDF SVX II Group at FNAL can be found here.

SVXII work in progress at LBL

SVXII + ISL = Silicon Upgrade to CDF detector for RUN II

The Silicon Upgrade to the CDF detector for RUN II is being built by a collaboration of institutions from US, Italy, Germany, Japan and Taiwan.

LBNL Role

The LBNL group has always had a leading role in CDF silicon detectors (SVX, SVX'). The silicon vertex detector played a critical role on the top quark search at CDF. The traditional area of expertise at LBNL is the readout electronics design and assembly. The involvement in SVXII and ISL is a natural extension of previous work.

Unique resources make LBNL the only place capable of certain kinds of work. CDF expects LBNL to make strong commitments in these areas:

LBNL Responsibilities for SVXII and ISL Production

SVXII and ISL work at LBNL

The latest activites on SVXII and ISL work at LBNL can be found here.

People involved in the SVXII and ISL projects:
A. Conolly, R. Ely, M. Garcia-Sciveres, C. Haber, M. Paulini, D. Ray, I. Volobuev, W. Yao.

An Introduction to SVXII

Run I of the Tevatron Collider at Fermilab ended on February 20, 1996, with a total integrated luminosity recorded by the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) of roughly tex2html_wrap_inline60. During this run, the vertex reconstruction capability of CDF went from being in itself an experiment, to becoming the heavy flavor detection method that made possible the observation of the top quark and the measurement of its mass, as well as a wealth of b physics previously untapped in hadron colliders. Vertexing in CDF began with the SVX detector, which was replaced after tex2html_wrap_inline64 with a radiation hard ``replica'', SVX'. For Run II of the Tevatron (to begin in 1999), CDF will replace SVX' with a new silicon detector, SVXII. Whereas SVX pioneered the use of a new technology in collider detectors, SVXII will seek to push this technology in several directions at once, so that while not as obvious, the challenge is equally great. SVXII will use 720 double-sided, 7.43cm long silicon sensors (width depends on layer), arranged in 5 coaxial cylinders (layers). A readout unit will consist of two sensors wire-bonded end-to-end with electronics on one of the sensors. Readout units will be mechanically paired, end-to-end with the electronics on the far ends, to form 29.8cm long ``ladders''. Ladders will be held in 5-layer ``barrel'' structures with 12 ladders per layer. Each barrel will have 2 beryllium bulkheads for mechanical support and electronics cooling. There will be 3 barrels end-to-end for a combined length of 87cm and a total of 405,504 readout channels. The innovative features of SVXII that people at LBNL work on are (1) new ``deadtimeless'' electronics with fast digital readout that will permit implementation of a secondary vertex trigger, and (2) aggressive packaging to place the readout chips directly on active detector surfaces.

Table 1 compares some parameters of Run I relevant to silicon detector operation with the goals for Run II. The Tevatron luminosity will increase by more than an order of magnitude, primarily through the addition of more circulating bunches. The large number of bunches means that there is no longer enough time between successive crossings for any kind of trigger decision. For Run II, therefore, all CDF detector elements must queue data from every beam crossing into a pipeline, waiting for the trigger processor to catch up. A 5.5 tex2html_wrap_inline68sec trigger latency means that SVXII must remember 42 beam crossings. But perhaps the most ambitious aspect of the SVXII design is the desire to read out the detector at a projected rate of 40kHz in order to use SVXII information in a second level hardware trigger The hope is to develop a hadronic b trigger based on vertexing. An application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) denominated svx3 will implement the necessary data pipeline and accomodate the high readout rate without compromising livetime.

In a hadron collider the interaction region is long in the beam direction (tex2html_wrap_inline72cm for CDF). This means that in order to achieve high acceptance a vertex detector must be long. However, the need for radiation hardness drives the active surface area of each readout channel to be as small as possible. Therefore, a strip detector must have short strips, making it necessary to place readout electronics within the active volume. In SVXII the electronics will be directly on the sensor surface, in order to avoid acceptance gaps.

  table30
Table 1: Comparison of Run I and Run II selected silicon detector parameters. The trigger latency refers to the lowest level trigger. Readout frequency refers to how often the silicon detector is fully read out. Layer 0 is the silicon layer closest to the beam pipe.

The packages that will hold the svx3 ASICS on the sensor active surfaces are called hybrids. Hybrids provide power and signal distribution as well as heat dissipation. Dead-timeless operation places many demands on the geometry of the hybrid connections and on the location of components other than the svx3 ASICs. But also related to geometry the thermal performance must be adequate to keep the sensors below tex2html_wrap_inline82C. And to add even further complication, because the electronics are in the detector active volume the hybrid mass must be minimized to prevent excessive multiple scattering.

Excluding the hybrids, the average material seen by a particle traversing the SVXII is estimated at 4.4% of a radiation length (RL). Hybrids will be fabricated of printed thick film metal and dielectric on beryllium oxide ceramic (BeO). The thick film process used a fired tape dielectric that permits multiple layers with tex2html_wrap_inline84m traces and spaces, as well as vias on a tex2html_wrap_inline86m pitch. The process can combine gold traces with silver power and ground planes to reduce mass. These BeO hybrids will add another 4.4%RL to the SVXII average material, which is deemed acceptable.

This Figure shows a schematic cross section of the electronics end of an SVXII readout unit or half-ladder. Only one of the two sensors in the half-ladder is represented (not to scale). Hatched shapes are silicon, open shapes are hybrids, and cross hatched is the bulkhead support/cooling channel. FE chips are marked 1, BE chips 2, readout cable 3, bulkhead 4, sensor 5, jumper 6, and jumper wire-bonds 7. The need to read out both sides of the sensor, as well as to support and cool the ladder forces the chips on the bottom (side view) far from the sensor end. This impacts on cooling, demanding a substrate thickness that increases rapidly with hybrid length. Given a power dissipation of 450mW per svx3 chip (derived from measurements on prototypes) and a reasonably achievable coolant temperature of tex2html_wrap_inline88C at the ladder, a BeO substrate thickness of 500tex2html_wrap_inline90m is required for a maximum sensor temperature of tex2html_wrap_inline92C at the ladder mid-point after a 1.5MRad dose.

Another challenge of placing readout hybrids on both sides of the sensor is making electrical connections to the bottom hybrid. A separate cable is mechanically not feasible without increasing layer radii, as well as electrically problematic because both hybrids read the same sensor, which favors tying them into a compact circuit. A conventional flex cable connecting the top and bottom hybrids is not possible because side-by-side ladders in the same layer must be very close to produce overlapping strips essential for off-line internal alignment (typical gaps are of order 2mm). The solution developed at LBNL (using the UC Berkeley Microlab) uses a very small (1.8mm tex2html_wrap_inline94 1.5mm tex2html_wrap_inline96 0.6mm) L-shaped jumper glued to the edge of the sensor (see end view of figure 2) that has tex2html_wrap_inline98m diameter vias routing all connections from bonding pads on the top to pads on the bottom. Hybrids have a field of pads on one side for wire-bonding to the jumper. tex2html_wrap_inline100m traces are used to scramble the connections on the jumper so that identical hybrids can be used on both sides of the sensor. The jumper is made out of laser-drilled alumina ceramic plus a combination of thick-film metalization to produce the vias and thin film integrated circuit methods for the fine features on the top and bottom surfaces.